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The goal of DoS or DDoS attacks is to consume enough server or network resources so that the system becomes unresponsive to legitimate requests:

Application Layer Attacks go after web applications, and often use the most sophistication. These attacks exploit a weakness in the Layer 7 protocol stack by first establishing a connection with the target, then exhausting server resources by monopolizing processes and transactions. These are hard to identify and mitigate. A common example is a HTTP Flood attack.

Protocol Based Attacks focus on exploiting a weakness in Layers 3 or 4 of the protocol stack. Such attacks consume all the processing capacity of the victim or other critical resources (a firewall, for example), resulting in service disruption. Syn Flood and Ping of Death are some examples.

Volumetric Attacks send high volumes of traffic in an effort to saturate a victim’s bandwidth. Volumetric attacks are easy to generate by employing simple amplification techniques, so these are the most common forms of attack. UDP Flood, TCP Flood, NTP Amplification and DNS Amplification are some examples.

• SYN Flood: A succession of SYN requests is directed to the target’s system in an attempt to overwhelm it. This attack exploits weaknesses in the TCP connection sequence, known as a three-way handshake.
• HTTP Flood: A type of attack in which HTTP GET or POST requests are used to attack the web server.
• UDP Flood: A type of attack in which random ports on the target are overwhelmed by IP packets containing UDP datagrams.
• Ping of Death: Attacks involve the deliberate sending of IP packets larger than those allowed by the IP protocol. TCP/IP fragmentation deals with large packets by breaking them down into smaller IP packets. If the packets, when put together, are larger than the allowable 65,536 bytes, legacy servers often crash. This has largely been fixed in newer systems. Ping flood is the present-day incarnation of this attack.
• ICMP Protocol Attacks: Attacks on the ICMP protocol take advantage of the fact that each request requires processing by the server before a response is sent back. Smurf attack, ICMP flood, and ping flood take advantage of this by inundating the server with ICMP requests without waiting for the response.
• Slowloris: Invented by Robert ‘RSnake’ Hansen, this attack tries to keep multiple connections to the target web server open, and for as long as possible. Eventually, additional connection attempts from clients will be denied.
• DNS Flood: The attacker floods a particular domain’s DNS servers in an attempt to disrupt DNS resolution for that domain
• Teardrop Attack: The attack that involves sending fragmented packets to the targeted device. A bug in the TCP/IP protocol prevents the server from reassembling such packets, causing the packets to overlap. The targeted device crashes.
• DNS Amplification: This reflection-based attack turns legitimate requests to DNS (domain name system) servers into much larger ones, in the process consuming server resources.
• NTP Amplification: A reflection-based volumetric DDoS attack in which an attacker exploits a Network Time Protocol (NTP) server functionality in order to overwhelm a targeted network or server with an amplified amount of UDP traffic.
• SNMP Reflection: The attacker forges the victim’s IP address and blasts multiple Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) requests to devices. The volume of replies can overwhelm the victim.
• SSDP: An SSDP (Simple Service Discovery Protocol) attack is a reflection-based DDoS attack that exploits Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) networking protocols in order to send an amplified amount of traffic to a targeted victim.
• Smurf Attack: This attack uses a malware program called smurf. Large numbers of Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) packets with the victim’s spoofed IP address are broadcast to a computer network using an IP broadcast address.
• Fraggle Attack: An attack similar to smurf, except it uses UDP rather than ICMP.